“Stoning is a cruel and hideous punishment – it is a form of torturing someone to death” - human rights lawyer
LONDON (Thomson Reuters Foundation) – Two months ago, a young mother-of-two was stoned to death by her relatives on the order of a tribal court in Pakistan. Her crime: possession of a mobile phone.
Arifa Bibi’s uncle, cousins and others hurled stones and bricks at her until she died, according to media reports. She was buried in a desert far from her village. It’s unlikely anyone was arrested.
But her case is not unique. Stoning is legal or practised in at least 15 countries or regions. And campaigners fear this barbaric form of execution may be on the rise, particularly in Pakistan, Afghanistan and Iraq.
Women’s rights activists have launched an international campaign for a ban on stoning, which is mostly inflicted on women accused of adultery.
They are using Twitter and other social media to put pressure on U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon to denounce the practice.
“Stoning is a cruel and hideous punishment – it is a form of torturing someone to death,” said Naureen Shameem of international rights group Women Living Under Muslim Laws (WLUML).
“It is one of the most brutal forms of violence perpetrated against women in order to control and punish their sexuality and basic freedoms.”
She said activists will also push the United Nations to adopt a resolution on stoning, similar to the one passed last year on eradicating female genital mutilation (FGM) – another form of violence against women often justified on religious and cultural grounds.
Stoning is not legal in most Muslim countries and there is no mention of it in the Koran. But supporters argue that it is legitimised by the Hadith – the acts and sayings of the Prophet Mohammad.
Stoning is set out as a specific punishment for adultery under several interpretations of sharia or Islamic law. In some instances, even a woman saying she has been raped can be considered an admission to the crime of “zina” – or sex outside marriage.
In one case cited by Shameem, a 13-year-old Somali girl, Aisha Ibrahim Duhulow, was buried up to her neck and stoned by 50 men in front of 1000 people at a stadium in Kismayu in 2008.
Her father told Amnesty International she had been raped by three men but was accused of adultery when she tried to report the rape to the al Shabaab militia in control of the city.
EXTRAJUDICIAL TERROR
Iran has the world’s highest rate of execution by stoning. No one knows how many people have been stoned but at least 11 people are in prison under sentence of stoning, according to Iranian human rights lawyer Shadi Sadr.
Sadr, who has represented five people sentenced to stoning, said Iran carried out stonings in secret in prisons, the desert or very early in the morning in cemeteries.
“Pressure from outside Iran always helps. The Islamic Republic always pretends that they don’t care about their reputation, but the fact is they do care a lot,” added Sadr, who now lives in exile in Britain.
Stoning is also a legal punishment for adultery in Mauritania, a third of Nigeria’s 36 states, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, the United Arab Emirates and Yemen.
In some countries like Mauritania and Qatar, stoning has never been used although it remains legal. However, there are other countries like Afghanistan and Iraq where stoning is not legal but tribal leaders, militants and others carry it out extrajudicially.
“In Afghanistan, warlords are manipulating religion to really terrorise the population for their own political ends. And stoning is one way of doing that,” said Shameem, a human rights lawyer who is co-ordinating the Stop Stoning Women campaign.
Last year, a 21-year-old girl, Najiba, was stoned in front of more than 100 cheering men after warlords in Afghanistan’s Parwan province accused her of “moral crimes”. One of the men filmed the stoning, which can be seen on the internet.
Shameem said Najiba’s case highlighted the level of impunity that exists.
DISCRIMINATION
Campaigners say women are more likely to be convicted of adultery than men because discriminatory laws and customs penalise women more than men for sexual relations outside marriage.
If a man is unhappy with his wife he can – depending on the country – divorce, take other wives or marry another woman temporarily. A woman has few options. She can only divorce in certain circumstances and risks losing custody of her children.
Men accused of adultery are also more likely to have the means to hire lawyers and their greater physical freedom makes it easier for them to flee in situations where they risk extrajudicial stoning.
Activists say trials are often unfair. Convictions are frequently based on confessions made under duress.
As adultery is difficult to prove, judges in Iran can also convict on the basis of their gut feeling rather than evidence.
Even the manner of stoning is loaded against women. People sentenced to stoning in Iran are partially buried. If they can escape they are spared. But women are customarily buried up to their chests while men are only buried up to their waists.
Stoning contravenes a host of U.N. treaties including the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which states no one should be subjected to torture, or cruel or inhuman punishment.
The treaty, which Iran and Pakistan have signed, also only allows countries to execute people for “the most serious crimes”.
Many prominent Muslim clerics have spoken in support of a ban on stoning, deeming it un-Islamic and antithetical to the Koran, with its emphasis on repentance and compassion.
Shameem said stoning mostly happened in conflict or post-conflict areas where politicians, warlords and militants exploit people’s religious beliefs as they jockey for power.
Mali saw its first case last year after Islamist militants took control of the north of the country.
It is not clear why the tribal court in Bibi’s case should have justified stoning as a punishment for having a mobile phone.
But Shameem said stoning and the threat of stoning was being used “to control women, constrain their freedoms, and police their sexuality”.
The threat of stoning has even been used to control women in Tunisia – a relatively liberal country with no history of stoning.
This year, the head of the Commission for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice in Tunisia called for a teenage activist to be stoned to death for posting nude protest images of herself online.
Campaigners plan to present a petition to U.N. chief Ban and the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights on November 25 – International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women.
The online petition, which already has nearly 9,000 signatures, calls on Ban to publically denounce stoning as “one of the most brutal forms of violence against women”.
Shameen said the second stage of the campaign would be to work on a U.N. resolution abolishing stoning.
“Many of our network in the Violence is not our Culture campaign were very involved in developing the resolution against FGM. It’s an inspiration and a model from which we are working,” she added.
FACTBOX: Stoning – where does it happen?
GRAPHIC: Stoning - where is it legal?
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