RUNNING DRY

Waiting under the scorching sun for a tanker truck to deliver water to his home, Chandra Shekhar reminisced about how his southern Indian city once brimmed with pristine lakes and lush gardens.

"They are all gone now. They have been consumed by buildings and more buildings," said the 59-year-old retired engineer, who has seen the IT hub of Bangalore - often dubbed India's Silicon Valley - transform since he was a boy.

"Bangalore has gone from being the city of lakes to the city of concrete. Because of this, all the water has disappeared."

Years of rapid urbanisation, a swelling population and poor water management have led to drying taps, falling groundwater levels and filth-frothed lakes that can burst into flames.

Bangalore is paying a heavy price for its success since marketing itself as a tech hub in the late 1990s and attracting top firms including Microsoft, IBM, Dell and Google.

Officials admit that city authorities, unprepared for the speed of the city's tech boom, did not adequately plan for Bangalore's growing water needs.

The size of the city has more than tripled in just over a decade to 800 square km (198,000 acres) - nearly half the size of London - by swallowing dozens of settlements and villages.

Bangalore's population has more than doubled to about 12 million since 2001 and is predicted to hit 20 million by 2031.

The Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board (BWSSB) is the main agency that manages drinking water - but it can provide it to only about 60% of the city.

"We have not got to some places yet, like the outer parts," said Tushar Giri Nath, chairman of the BWSSB.

With land for water reservoirs and other infrastructure difficult and expensive to acquire, "there is some challenge to (get to) those areas - but we are trying," he said.

Each day, the city pushes 1.4 billion litres of water through its pipes - but still falls 800 million litres short of meeting the city's ballooning needs, Giri Nath said.

One of the biggest difficulties, he said, is that much of the water comes from the Cauvery River more than 100 km (60 miles) away. To get to Bangalore, the water must be pumped uphill, at a cost of $6 million a month in electricity.

Then, on the way to homes, more than 20% is lost to leaks from old and corroded pipes and storage units, he said.

The board is adding a fifth - and likely final - pipeline from the Cauvery, aiming to give the city an extra 750 million litres a day once the project is finished in 2023, he said.

But faced with growing competition for the Cauvery's water from other equally thirsty Indian cities, including Chennai, Bangalore is also looking for other sources of water.     

For now, much of the shortage is met by private traders.

In outer parts of the city such as Sarjapur and Whitefield - beyond the reach of the city water system - sprawling apartment blocks and IT parks run solely on trucked-in water.

The trucks get their supply from wells, rapidly being dug to ever deeper levels as groundwater levels plunge.

But groundwater is falling so fast in Bangalore that the federal government last year predicted there would none left below the city, at levels possible to reach, by the end of 2020.

Vishwanath Srikantaiah, a Bangalore-based water expert, said he thinks that bleak assessment is "an exaggeration".

But as well operators drill deeper and deeper to find water, the price per tank has tripled over the last 15 years, according to Harini Nagendra, author of "Nature in the City", a book on Bangalore's relationship with nature.

At Springfields, an upmarket residential block in Sarjapur with tennis courts, manicured lawns and sparkling pools, residents buy 50 truckloads of water - about 300,000 litres - a day to keep everything running.

Every truckload costs up to 700 rupees and prices can touch 2,000 rupees in the summer, said a member of the residents' association who oversees Springfields' water management.

The development's complete dependence on private tankers means residents fear the "water mafia" - their term for the tanker bosses - could cut off supplies at any time.

Tanker owners say their network of thousands of trucks provides a crucial public service in response to the government's own service failures - and that drivers face their own problems, from worsening traffic to depleting groundwater.

One tanker company owner said this year he had to dig a borehole well nearly 2,000 feet (610 m) deep - about 10 times deeper than a decade ago - to ensure enough water for customers.

"What is happening now is groundwater mining, not extraction," with supplies unlikely to recover, said Avinash Mishra, lead author of a study published last year by the National Institution for Transforming India.

The study by the government-run policy think tank found that India, Asia's third-largest economy, was "suffering from the worst water crisis in its history".

"If you are going this deep, you will be extracting oil soon," Mishra said.

While Likith's business booms, that of M. Raju - one of 50 laundrymen at Bangalore's dhobi ghat, an open-air laundromat - is feeling the pinch of water shortages.

With less water available, workers can only accept a limited number of clothes, sheets and towels from customers, he said.  

Nearly a decade ago, one main borehole produced plenty of water for their needs but that dried up in 2011, Raju said.

A local legislator installed two more wells, but one ran dry by 2014, leaving them with a single working well.

"We have a water problem here," said the 40-year-old, who has been a washerman for 25 years, following in his father's footsteps. "My children cannot do this job. This profession will end with me."

For now, he is pinning his hopes on good monsoon rains.

Apart from the Cauvery, the monsoon has been a principal source of water for Bangalore. But with climate change bringing more volatile rainfall, the once-reliable showers are increasingly irregular, environmentalists say.     

Once-dead Jakkur Lake, rejuvenated over a decade by charities, government and local people, now attracts fishermen and helps recharge groundwater and wells, Srikantaiah said.

 About 40 similar restoration projects are now underway.

Srikantaiah is also pushing for the creation of a million small recharge wells dug throughout the city, to capture monsoon runoff and channel it into aquifers.

About 100,000 such wells - old and new - already exist in the city but expanding the system could provide as much water for Bangalore as the Cauvery does, he believes.

In a water-short city, "every household can contribute to the solution", he said.

Since 2009, Bangalore's water board has run campaigns to promote rainwater harvesting, making it mandatory for all residential complexes to have built-in systems to catch rain.

But, despite tens of thousands of fines levied, less than 10% of Bangalore's rainwater is harvested, according to Ammanaghatta Rudrappa Shivakumar, a rainwater harvesting expert at the Indian Institute of Science.

He blamed the problem on a lack of incentives for residents to save water. Government subsidies on piped, bottled and tanker water - designed to ensure that the poor can cook and clean - mean buying 1,000 litres usually costs residents less than $1.

For Bangalore resident Shekhar, the solution to worsening water woes lies in better government efforts to control "rampant, unchecked construction, even in water-stressed areas".

"Make me the chief minister for six months and I will change everything," he said.