LONDON (AlertNet) - In 2004 a tsunami in the Indian Ocean killed almost 230,000 people. Here is an overview of steps that have been taken since to establish an early warning system.
How the Indian Ocean gets its tsunami early warnings
For more than 40 years, the Pacific Tsunami Warning Centre (PTWC) has been alerting countries in the Pacific region to the dangers of killer waves.
Following the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami that killed almost 230,000 people, the United NationÂ?s Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission began coordinating efforts to create an Indian Ocean tsunami early warning system.
Before 2004, there were no sea-level monitoring instruments in the Indian Ocean and many countries did not have agencies responsible for tsunami warnings or points of contact to receive messages from international warning centres.
Five years on, a large network of seismographic centres, national warning centres or agencies, coastal and deep-ocean stations is in place across the Indian Ocean to detect potential tsunamis and pass on warnings to communities.
Gaps remain in the system - most significantly at the community level - and experts say more coordination is needed to ensure national centres are communicating with each other and sharing information across the region but the Indian Ocean is much better prepared than in 2004.
Here's how the system works
When an earthquake strikes in the Indian Ocean region, data from a variety of sources is transmitted to the Pacific Tsunami Warning Centre (PTWC) based in Hawaii and the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) in Tokyo.
The PTWC and the JMA currently have responsibility for providing the Indian Ocean with what are known as tsunami Â?watchesÂ?. By 2011, a number of so-called Regional Tsunami Watch Providers (RTWPs) in Indian Ocean countries are set to take over this function. Australia, India, Indonesia, Malaysia and the Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre (ADPC) in Bangkok are on track to become regional watch providers. Countries are able to invest more in technology will share data with smaller states that cannot, such as the Maldives or the Seychelles.
In addition, the ADPC has been coordinating its own efforts since 2005 to have a multi-hazard early warning system, known as the Regional Integrated Multi-Hazard Early Warning System (RIMES). RIMES will work alongside the national and regional watch providers and will also share information with Hawaii and Japan. RIMES is expected to be operable early next year.
Today, however, the two centres in Hawaii and Japan have the primary responsibility. They receive earthquake information and data from tidal gauges and Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (DART) sensors or buoys. They also receive news bulletins, telegrams, and information over the telephone. In addition, the Commission for the Nuclear-Test Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) also contributes data from seismographic stations.
The job of these two centres is to locate and determine the size of earthquakes, determine whether they have the potential to produce tsunamis and predict tsunami wave arrival times wherever possible.
It takes about 15 to 20 minutes for earthquake data to be deciphered and a tsunami watch to be issued, according to Charles McCreery, director of the PTWC. Inland earthquakes will not cause tsunamis and not all underwater earthquakes cause tsunamis. This depends on the location and nature of the earthquake.
The two centres then issue watches, if necessary, to national bodies in the Indian Ocean and it is the responsibility of each national agency to alert its population, by whatever means. These national agencies may be meteorological agencies or disaster management departments. Today, 26 out of 28 Indian Ocean countries have focal points to receive tsunami bulletins, according to UNESCO.
Many national agencies will have also received their own information, from local or regional seismic centres, buoys, news bulletins and so on, and all this information will be fed back and forth between Hawaii, Japan and the region.
Warnings to the population are delivered in a variety of ways. Over the airwaves - radio, television, SMS, email - and manually, using bells, megaphones or loud-speakers attached to mosques. In some countries, well-rehearsed drills will kick in and local agencies will coordinate an evacuation.
On the ground in many Indian Ocean countries, NGOs and community groups are involved in educating and coordinating local populations to know what to do when they hear a tsunami warning or when they feel or see signs of an earthquake or tsunami Â? when the earth shakes or the sea recedes. In some places, these drills work well. In other more remote areas, communities still struggle to be prepared at all, experts say.
Technology does not reach all areas and even if it does, warnings can be confused or not in the right language for all the affected people to understand, experts say. In other areas, there are no escape routes as transport infrastructure is poor.
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