For Armenian families, giving birth to at least one boy is a is a must
By Anna Pujol-Mazzini
GAVAR, Armenia, Oct. 9 (Thomson Reuters Foundation) - When Karina Aghalaryan discovered she was going to be the mother of a baby girl, the 35-year-old Armenian was ecstatic.
Her family was altogether more lukewarm.
Talk swiftly turned to what the baby clearly wasn't: a boy.
When Aghalaryan got pregnant with a second girl the following year, there were no celebrations. Instead, her mother-in-law marched her to the doctor for an abortion.
"My husband and my mother-in-law forced me to figure out if it was a boy or a girl. When they found out it was a girl, they made me have an abortion," said Aghalaryan, whose name was changed to avoid being stigmatised in her community.
"I had no words to say in that situation," she told the Thomson Reuters Foundation in Gavar, 100 km (62 miles) from the Armenian capital, Yerevan.
For Armenian families, giving birth to at least one boy is a is a must, to continue the family line and carry forward the surname in a society where daughters often marry and move away.
As the economy worsens - nearly a third of the country lives below the poverty line - Armenians see sons as a way to ensure financial stability in old age but aborting girls is causing a potential shortage of women that authorities want to address.
"People think that for a boy it's easier to earn money and become more economically sustainable than a girl," said Armine Hovakimyan, president of the Goris Women's Resource Center.
"That has a very big impact especially in remote areas, they want to have boys more than girls."
Typical of many Armenian towns, Gavar is a ramshackle, industrial city in decline. Its Soviet-era factories have faded along with the rest of a once-robust economy, which stalled when the small Caucasian country won independence in 1991.
MISSING WOMEN
Some new industries are taking root, seeking to replace the old, highly centralised economy, but unemployment remains high.
Because of the high numbers of unemployed women, and a widespread belief that women should stay home and take care of family, Armenian women on average earn half of what the men do.
Therefore, women who get pregnant with girls face a dilemma: giving birth to enough children that one of them will end up being a boy - or having abortions until one of them is male.
Worldwide, biologically 102 to 106 boys are born for every 100 girls on average, according to the United Nations.
In 2012-2013, 114 boys were born in Armenia for every 100 girls, according to the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) - this is the third highest sex-selective abortion rate in the world after China and neighbouring Azerbaijan.
As a result, UNFPA estimates that in Armenia, nearly 93,000 women will be missing by 2060 if the country's high pre-natal sex selection rate remains unchanged, driving young, single men to leave the country in search of a partner.
But for now, a lack of opportunities has caused thousands of young, educated men to move out of the country in search of better-paid jobs, according to the United Nations - and the "brain drain" has balanced out the female shortfall.
In a bid to curb the gender imbalance, the government outlawed sex-selective abortions last year as part of a wider crackdown on abortions.
Abortion has been legal in the ex-Soviet republic since 1955 and a woman can have an abortion up to 12 weeks of pregnancy.
CULTURAL CHANGE
A lack of widely available, affordable contraceptives and a common fear that contraceptives might cause health problems means abortion remains the main method of family planning in the country, researchers say.
Almost 40 percent of Armenian women have had at least one abortion, according to UNFPA. Women's rights campaigners say some of the women they work with have two or three abortions in one year alone.
Under the new law, aimed at reducing the rate at which women are aborting girls, patients must leave three days of "reflection" between their initial bid for abortion and the procedure and attend a counselling session.
Doctors can be fined for performing sex-selective abortions, but it is unclear how many have been prosecuted.
Government officials told the Thomson Reuters Foundation it was difficult to measure the impact of the law alone on the declining rate of sex-selective abortions but the legal change alongside awareness raising campaigns played a big part.
"It takes a long time to change mindsets," Gayane Avagyan, head of the maternal health division at the Armenian ministry of health, said in an email.
"I think there is a change because huge work has been done to raise the level of public awareness."
But aid groups and campaigners say cracking down on aborting female foetuses does not address one of the main drivers behind the crisis: a deep-seated gender inequality in the country.
"Only by changing legislation, it will not be possible to change the attitude and perception toward the problem," Garik Hayrapetyan, the head of UNFPA in Armenia, told the Thomson Reuters Foundation.
"(Changing) the value of the girl, and women's equal status in society is the key to overcome this harmful practice."
Many aid groups have launched programmes aimed at tackling domestic violence and dismantling cultural views about the role women should have in society - with the ultimate goal of getting families to embrace having daughters.
"You can see the difference in communities in how the girls are raised and how the boys are raised," Sevan Petrosyan, who manages a project aimed at tackling gender inequality for World Vision in Armenia, said in an interview in the capital.
"The way they are raised to be mothers, and how boys are raised to be fearless and powerful."
(Reporting by Anna Pujol-Mazzini @annapmzn, Editing by Lyndsay Griffiths and Belinda Goldsmith; Please credit the Thomson Reuters Foundation, the charitable arm of Thomson Reuters that covers humanitarian news, women's rights, trafficking, property rights, climate change and resilience. Visit http://news.trust.org)
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