As dozens of cities try to slash carbon emissions by 2050, Copenhagen aims to do it in half the time - in just seven years
By Lin Taylor
COPENHAGEN, Oct 5 (Thomson Reuters Foundation) - Around the world, more than 70 major cities have pledged to end their reliance on fossil fuels and stop pumping out climate-changing emissions by 2050.
But Copenhagen - a city of wind turbines, bicycles and reliable public transportation - thinks it can go even further: It intends to accomplish that shift in just seven years.
It will require a complete reimagining of how the Danish capital is powered and designed - and a lot of cyclists, officials admit.
"Why are we going for that? People might say what we do in Copenhagen doesn't really matter on the global stage at all. We are tiny," said Jørgen Abildgaard, director of the city's climate programme.
But with cities and countries around the world still searching for ways to turn the 2015 Paris agreement on climate change into a reality, "it's important to show that it's possible to make this transition" he told the Thomson Reuters Foundation.
Scandinavian cities have long been seen as green leaders - and Copenhagen is no exception.
While other cities have parking garages for cars, Copenhagen has them for bicycles. Virtually all its 600,000 residents own a bicycle, and the city has 375 kilometres of dedicated cycle lanes.
The harbour-rimmed municipality also is mostly powered by clean energy - and it has its own renewable energy company and wind turbines.
Running its own energy systems is one of the reasons Copenhagen is already well on track to being carbon neutral - meaning it will produce no more carbon emissions than it can offset elsewhere - by 2025.
The city's concerted efforts to go green put it firmly ahead of the schedule set by almost 200 nations in Paris to effectively phase out greenhouse gases between 2050 and 2100.
Leading climate scientists will warn next week that global carbon emissions from energy use will have to plunge by up to seven percent a year to meet Paris' toughest goals - unless technologies to suck carbon from the air and store it are developed, according to a draft U.N. report obtained by Reuters.
Copenhagen's officials are confident the city can largely achieve its ambitious goals.
"We want to be 100 percent (carbon neutral by 2025). But if we are 95 percent or around that, it's still a big success," said Abildgaard, who has overseen the city's efforts toward carbon neutrality ever since it made its pledge in 2009, when it hosted U.N. climate talks.
GREEN ENERGY
In 2017, Copenhagen produced about 1.37 million tonnes of climate-changing gases, down 40 percent from 2005, according to city figures.
That's about 2.2 tonnes of emissions per capita, one of the lowest rates for a European city.
The city said the reduction in emissions was largely due to a switch to wind energy under HOFOR, the city's own utility company.
"We are some of the muscle that the city has to be able to (use to) reach its goals," said Jörgen Edström, head of strategy and business development at HOFOR, one of many energy companies in the city.
"The city wanted to build windmills to compensate for its electricity consumption - so we built windmills. They have a company to do the things they want to do," he said.
HOFOR has invested billions of euros to build 360 wind turbines by 2025 to power most of the city, and will soon replace its coal-fired power plants with biomass-powered units that burn sustainable wood pellets, the company says.
Around the world, cities consume more than two-thirds of the world's energy and account for about three-quarters of carbon dioxide emissions, according to the United Nations.
That means finding ways for cities to become carbon neutral will be key to meeting the Paris commitment to keep the rise in global temperatures to "well below" 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels.
"Cities are where the emissions are the largest. So if cities can solve the problems, then that's part of the way to a more carbon neutral world," Edström said.
DISTRICT HEATING
In its quest to cut emissions, Copenhagen has another distinct advantage: For over 100 years, the city - and Denmark as a whole - has relied on district heating, a system where heat is produced and supplied from one neighbourhood or area plant, instead of per household.
That means the city itself can make the switch to cleaner energy for large numbers of residents, cutting carbon emissions by over half compared to the use of individual gas or oil boilers, HOFOR says.
The city also has a newly-built district cooling system, which uses seawater to cool buildings and households, cutting energy consumption up to 80 percent compared to traditional methods of air-conditioning, HOFOR said.
By 2025, the city aims to be powered entirely by wind, sun, geothermal energy, waste, and wood and other biomass.
Yet despite its huge investment in new, clean technologies, one of the city's big priorities is cutting prices for energy users.
"The municipality didn't say, 'Spend all the money to achieve the carbon-neutral agenda.' They said, 'We want lower prices and we want carbon neutrality'," Edström said.
That aim looks to be within reach. A couple living in a flat will save an average of 4,000 Danish krones (537 euros) each year on energy consumption if the city reaches its climate goals, the city says.
Abildgaard, Copenhagen's climate director, said it was crucial to work closely with industries such as construction and transport to devise business models and technologies that work both to meet business goals and cut emissions.
"We want to keep our economic growth and improve our infrastructure, and make that transition without extra costs," Abildgaard said.
LOWER -AND HIGHER
As the city's emissions-cutting commitments have grown, so has its economy, which has seen 25 percent growth over the past two decades, according to research by the London School of Economics and Political Science.
Strong action to combat climate change could cumulatively add at least $26 trillion to the world economy by 2030, according to a September study by the Global Commission on the Economy and Climate, which includes former heads of government, business leaders and economists.
Copenhagen plans to spend at least 2.7 billion Danish krones (362 million euros) by 2025 to roll out its plan to achieve carbon neutrality - but that should attract nearly 300 billion krones (40 billion euros) in private green investment, according to the city council.
The city's climate-friendly efforts includes expanding its public transport system and cycle paths, retrofitting buildings with poor energy efficiency, investing in research for cleaner technologies and boosting the use of electric vehicles.
Abildgaard, who cycles 10 kilometres a day to his harbourside offices in central Copenhagen, said transport remained a major challenge, both because most residents still own a car and because freight trucks are commonly used to deliver goods.
He said he is pushing for a congestion charge system, similar to those in London and Oslo, where vehicles are charged a fee when they enter zones in the city centre.
Still, Abildgaard is confident Copenhagen will be the first big capital to become carbon neutral - so confident, in fact, that he now wants residents to take another big step.
That is taking into account not just emissions generated in Copenhagen but those produced when residents buy things made or grown elsewhere, from clothing to food.
"The whole holistic view is important. Environment issues are part of the DNA here. But we also have to recognise that this is not the situation around the world," Abildgaard said. (1 euro = 7.4522 Danish crowns)
(Reporting by Lin Taylor @linnytayls, Editing by Laurie Goering; Please credit the Thomson Reuters Foundation, the charitable arm of Thomson Reuters that covers humanitarian issues, conflicts, land and property rights, modern slavery and human trafficking, gender equality, climate change and resilience. Visit http://news.trust.org to see more stories)
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