Individual farmers are bearing the brunt of Indonesian government efforts to clamp down on forest fires, while plantation firms are getting off lightly, legal experts say
By Harry Jacques
BENGKALIS, Indonesia, Nov 25 (Thomson Reuters Foundation) - Firefighter Ibnu Hajar stopped near the top of a wrought-iron observation tower in Bengkalis on Indonesia's Sumatra island, and looked inland over miles of oil palm trees planted up to the edge of the northeastern coastline.
"In 2015, all this was lost," he said.
Five years ago, a strong El Nino climate pattern prolonged Sumatra's main dry season beyond October, delaying rains needed to douse wildfires burning across expanses of peatland.
The result was an environmental and public health disaster, with 2.6 million hectares (6.4 million acres) scorched, and half a million people sickened across the archipelago.
Indonesia's planet-warming emissions exceeded those of the entire U.S. economy for 38 out of 56 days during the 2015 crisis.
Small-scale farmers in Bengkalis regency, part of Riau province, have set fires for decades to prepare land to plant cassava, pineapple and rambutan, said Teguh Surya, head of the Sustainable Madani Foundation, a Jakarta-based environmental group.
Research shows fire has traditionally been used in land cultivation owing to its speed, low cost and desirable side effects in reducing soil acidity and incinerating pests.
But such fires increasingly spread out of control after acacia and oil palm plantation firms began draining peatlands on an industrial scale in the 1990s, said Bengkalis-born Teguh.
Oil palm and acacia trees fare poorly in waterlogged soil, so companies excavated vast networks of canals to drain it, rendering the carbon-rich landscape highly flammable.
LOCKED UP
Across the road from the fire tower, the ground becomes increasingly damp and brackish as plantation land recedes into the sea about 80 km (62 miles) south of the Malaysian city of Malacca.
Oil palm grower Muakit, with flecks of grey hair and sun blemishes from years spent working more than a dozen hectares of land here alone, recalled the blacked-out sky during the worst of the 2015 disaster.
But only a few months after the haze brought by the fires finally ended, the 63-year-old became the object of a manhunt for contravening rules against burning.
Muakit, who goes by one name, said he went to work as normal in the fields not long after dawn in early 2016 and set a small fire to burn rubbish.
He then drove home, only to find out later in the day the fire had spread over about half a hectare. He went into hiding out of fear, but police caught up with him a month later.
The farmer found himself locked up with rapists and other violent offenders in a small cell of about 30 inmates and was later sentenced to eight months' imprisonment.
"I am traumatised," he told the Thomson Reuters Foundation. "I don't ever want to use fire again."
LOW-HANGING FRUIT
Environmental groups say a legal crackdown against the people and companies behind the fires has disproportionately fallen on individual farmers like Muakit.
Kadiman, 59, a mildly spoken man who began farming here in 1981 and goes by one name, went to prison for two years in 2004 after setting fire to a patch of nearby land to begin planting.
He had to sell four hectares to support his family while in jail.
"I would not burn again," said Kadiman. "I wouldn't dare."
Police detained 136 individuals in the year to mid-September, but launched criminal investigations into only two companies accused of fires on their concessions.
Legal advocates in Riau say only a handful of farmers arrested over fires have access to adequate legal representation.
Farmers like Muakit held in more remote areas are often unaware of their rights to legal assistance, said Andi Wijaya, director of the regional Indonesian Legal Aid Foundation.
The coronavirus pandemic has further complicated legal support this year owing to restricted prison access.
"COVID has been highly disruptive," said Andi.
LAW ENFORCEMENT
Legal analysts say prosecutions of corporations over fires frequently run into obstacles in Indonesia's maze-like legal system, with resourceful companies dragging out cases or winning appeals in local courts.
"We have identified 349 palm, pulp and paper companies involved in forest and peat fires (since 2015), but law enforcement has stalled," said Zenzi Suhadi, head of advocacy at the Jakarta-based Indonesian Forum for the Environment (Walhi).
Greenpeace Southeast Asia analysis shows only a fraction of about $220 million handed down in fines to companies during the last decade has been paid.
In 2016, police in Riau province dropped criminal investigations against more than a dozen plantation firms accused of burning land.
"Companies sometimes do not want to share the information," including concession permits, maps, environmental impact assessments and field data, said Professor Bambang Hero Saharjo at Bogor Agricultural University, who frequently testifies as an expert witness for the government in fire cases.
Given the complexity of criminal proceedings, the government has increasingly levied administrative sanctions against such companies, ranging from warning letters to suspending permits.
But holding errant plantation firms to account may be about to get harder, green groups fear.
On Nov. 2, President Joko Widodo enacted an unprecedented deregulation package, easing labour laws and red tape to attract new investment into Southeast Asia's largest market.
Raynaldo Sembiring, executive director of the Indonesian Center for Environmental Law, said new rules may weaken companies' obligation to prevent fires on their concessions.
But details of the regulation still need to be clarified by the environment ministry, he added.
'PERMANENT' SOLUTION
About 4.4 million hectares of land burned in Indonesia between 2015 and 2019 - an area larger than Switzerland, according to Greenpeace.
The estimated $16 billion in economic damages from the 2015 haze crisis was double the worth of Indonesia's value-added palm oil exports from the previous year, according to the World Bank.
In 2015, President Joko Widodo extended a moratorium on forest conversion, before banning new cultivation on peat in 2016.
Earlier this year, he instructed ministers to find "a permanent solution" to the annual wildfires.
Environment ministry data show there were far fewer fires this year compared with 2019, amid a shorter dry season.
But some structural factors could prove difficult to shift on the ground.
The Indonesia-based Center for International Forestry Research has estimated the use of fire to clear land to produce palm oil in Riau generates more than $3,000 per hectare.
But only a small share of that goes to the farmer, with local elites and plantation firms pocketing about 85%.
And as restrictions have been tightened on establishing larger plantations, one way around it may involve bundling up land owned by small-scale farmers, experts say.
That could also put such growers in the firing line.
"If a farmer burns something in the kitchen they go to prison," said Muakit. "But if a company burns however many hundred hectares, there is no prison."
Read more:
Ex-logger leads firefighters defending Indonesia's peatlands
Indonesia inches forward on community forest goal, hobbled by pandemic
Indonesia's push to cut red tape sparks forest fire concerns
(Reporting by Harry Jacques; editing by Megan Rowling. Please credit the Thomson Reuters Foundation, the charitable arm of Thomson Reuters, that covers the lives of people around the world who struggle to live freely or fairly. Visit http://news.trust.org/climate)
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